|
|image = Soong Ching-ling 1937.jpg |office = Honorary President of the People's Republic of China |term_start = 16 May 1981 |term_end = 28 May 1981 |office1 = Chairperson of the People's Republic of China |alongside1 = Dong Biwu |leader1 = Mao Zedong |term_start1 = 31 October 1968 |term_end1 = 24 February 1972 |predecessor1 = Liu Shaoqi |successor1 = Dong Biwu |office2 = Vice Chairperson of the People's Republic of China |alongside2 = Dong Biwu |president2 = Liu Shaoqi Dong Biwu |leader2 = Mao Zedong |term_start2 = 27 April 1959 |term_end2 = 17 January 1975 |predecessor2 = Zhu De |successor2 = Ulanhu |office3 = Vice Chairperson of the National People's Congress |president3 = Zhu De Ye Jianying |term_start3 = 17 January 1975 |term_end3 = 28 May 1981 |president4 = Mao Zedong |term_start4 = 27 September 1954 |term_end4 = 27 April 1959 |office5 = Vice Chairperson of the Central People's Government |alongside5 = Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Li Jishen, Zhang Lan, Gao Gang |president5 = Mao Zedong |term_start5 = 1 October 1949 |term_end5 = 26 September 1954 |predecessor5 = Position established |successor5 = Zhu De |birth_date = |birth_place = Shanghai, China |death_date = |death_place = Beijing, China |party = Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang Communist Party of China |spouse = Sun Yat-sen |alma_mater = Wesleyan College |religion = Methodism }} Soong Ching-ling or Song Qingling (27 January 1893 – 29 May 1981) was the second wife of Sun Yat-sen, leader of the 1911 revolution that established the Republic of China, and was often referred to as Madame Sun Yat-sen. She was a member of the Soong family and, together with her siblings, played a prominent role in China's politics prior to 1949. She has become known as the "mother of modern China".〔Aveline-Dubach, Natacha. ("The Revival of the Funeral Industry in Shanghai: A Model for China" in ''Invisible Population: The Place of the Dead in East-Asian Megacities'', pp. 79–80. ) Lexington Books (Lanham), 2012.〕 After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, she held several prominent positions in the new government, including Vice President of China, traveled abroad during the early 1950s, representing it at a number of international activities. During the Cultural Revolution, however, she was heavily criticized.〔Israel Epstein, ''Woman in World History: The Life and Times of Soong Ching-ling'', p. 551.〕 Soong survived the Cultural Revolution, but appeared less frequently after 1976. During her final illness in May 1981, she was given the special title of Honorary President of the People's Republic of China. == Life and activities before 1949 == Soong Ching-ling was born to businessman and missionary Charlie Soong in Chuansha, Pudong, Shanghai,〔(宋庆龄上海出生地解谜 )〕〔(宋庆龄出生地在川沙 )〕 the second of six children. She graduated from McTyeire School for Girls in Shanghai, and Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia, United States.〔Emily Hahn, ''The Soong Sisters'', 43–45〕 Like her sisters, she spoke fluent English due to being educated in English for most of her life. Her Christian name was Rosamonde (in her early years, her passport name was spelt as Chung-ling Soong, and in her Wesleyan College diploma, her name was Rosamonde Chung-ling Soong). Soong married Sun Yat Sen, leader of China's 1911 revolution and founder of the Kuomintang (KMT or Nationalist Party), on 25 October 1915, even though her parents greatly opposed the match. (Dr. Sun was 26 years her senior.) After Sun's death in 1925, she was elected to the KMT Central Executive Committee. However, she left China for Moscow after the expulsion of the Communists from the KMT in 1927, accusing the KMT of betraying her husband's legacy. Her younger sister, May-ling, married Chiang Kai-shek shortly afterward, making Chiang Soong's brother-in-law. Soong returned to China in June 1929 when Sun Yat-sen was moved from his temporary burial site in Beijing to a new memorial in Nanjing, but left again three months later, and did not return until July 1931, when her mother died. She resided afterwards in Shanghai until July 1937, when the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out. Following the outbreak of hostilities, she moved first to Hong Kong (where she befriended future restaurateur and philanthropist Madame Wu (Cheng )), then to Chongqing, the wartime capital of the Chinese government. In 1939, she founded the China Defense League, which raised funds and sought supplies primarily for the Chinese Communist controlled areas of northern China. In 1946, the League was renamed the China Welfare fund, continuing to seek funds and support for the Chinese Communists.〔Israel Epstein, ''Woman in World History: The Life and Times of Soong Ching-ling'', p. 437.〕 During the Chinese Civil War, Soong permanently broke with her family and supported the Communists. In 1948, she became honorary chairwoman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang, a left-wing splinter group of the KMT that claimed to be the legitimate heir of Sun's legacy.〔 With the collapse of the Nationalist government and the Communist victory in the civil war, she left Shanghai in September 1949 to attend the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), convened in Beijing by the Chinese Communist Party to establish a new Central People's Government. On 1 October, she was a guest at the ceremony in Tiananmen Square marking the birth of the new People's Republic of China. The Nationalist government issued an order for her arrest, but this was soon mooted by the swift military victory of the Communists. The KMT fled from mainland China to Taiwan soon after this. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Soong Ching-ling」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|